Advanced Placement United States History

NOTE:  The following outline covers the salient topics that might well appear on the APUSH exam. It is not, nor is it intended to be exclusive. It should be used only as a reference and study guide. It is not a substitute for diligent course work and review.

COLONIZATION

I. English Background to colonization

a. Economic Institutions – Mercantilism

b. Patterns of Colonization

i. Joint Stock companies

II. Settlement of the English Colonies

a. Jamestown

i. Powhatan and Virginia Indians

ii. Captain John Smith

iii. Lawes Divine and Martiall

iv. John Rolfe – Tobacco

v. Headright system

1. Indentured Servitude

vi. House of Burgesses

vii. Bacon’s Rebellion

b. Maryland -- The Calverts – refuge for English Catholics

c. Plymouth

i. The Pilgrims

ii. William Bradford’s Leadership

iii. Mayflower Compact

d. Massachusetts Bay Colony

i. The Puritans

ii. Massachusetts Bay Colony

iii. John Winthrop – "a city upon a hill

iv. Trading company became provincial government

v. Anne Hutchinson

e. Rhode Island

i. Roger Williams

III. Indians In New England

a. White-Indian relations

b. Diseases

c. Pequot War

d. King Philip’s War

IV. Effects of English Civil War

a. New England Confederation formed.

b. Maryland Toleration Act

c. Restoration Act’s effects in the colonies.

V. Restoration brought new Proprietary Colonies

a. The Carolinas

i. Indian Relations in Carolinas

1. Tuscarora War

2. Yamassee War

b. New York

i. Origins as New Netherland

ii. English Takeover

iii. The Iroquois War

c. New Jersey

d. Pennsylvania

i. William Penn – Penn’s Frames of Government

e. Delaware

f. Georgia

i. James Oglethorpe

ii. Philanthropic experiment and military buffer

I. British Folkways brought to America

a. Social systems

b. Architecture

c. British cultural legacy

II. Population Patterns

a. Rapid population growth

b. Earlier marriage age in Colonies than in England – greater frequency of pregnancies.

c. Lower death rate in colonies – result of scatters settlements, younger population, ample food.

d. High mortality rate in early years of colonies made children more self-reliant

e. Family patterns

i. New England

ii. Southern Colonies

f. Importance of family ties

g. Role of women less restricted than in Europe

III. Sectional Differences

a. South

i. Warm climate, fertile soil led to development of staple crops

1. tobacco, rice, indigo, lumber, naval stores, furs, wool, cattle were chief exports.

2. Land policy based on headright system

3. Indentured servitude solved labor problem

ii. Slavery developed in Southern colonies.

1. Different from slavery elsewhere

2. Ethnic diversity of slaves.

3. Perseverance of African influences

4. Effect of color in determining groups relegated to slavery.

iii. The gentry

iv. Religion

1. Church of England was established church.

2. Lack of clergy placed much control in hands of laymen

b. The New England Colonies

i. Transformation of English village into New England town.

1. No headrights or indentured servitude.

2. System of land division used – assigned to individual families.

ii. Puritan Houses

iii. Exports developed in lieu of farm products

iv. Shortage of hard currency for trade

1. Effects of use of paper money

2. Efforts of Parliament to outlaw paper money.

v. Puritan reaction to worldly pleasures.

vi. Puritan religion

1. Form of organization in churches.

2. Covenant theory of government

3. Nature of church-state relationship

vii. Evidence of strains within Puritan community in late seventeenth century

1. Economic strains developed

2. Frequent challenges to authority

3. Development of the Halfway Covenant

4. Witchcraft Hysteria

c. The Middle Colonies

i. Reflected elements of both Southern and New England colonies

ii. Products for export

iii. Land system used.

iv. Ethnic elements represented in population

IV. Other social and intellectual features of the Colonies

a. Isolation of colonies

b. Urban groupings and stratification.

c. Nature of town and city governments.

d. Means of transportation

e. Taverns

f. Early Newspapers and editorial freedom

i. Earliest newspapers

ii. Impact of Zenger trial on freedom of the press.

g. Impact of the Enlightenment

i. Benjamin Franklin and others.

ii. Developments in Education

iii. Impact of the Great Awakening

1. George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards

2. Impact of movement on churches and schools.

3. Long range impact of Great Awakening and the Enlightenment.

I. English Agencies of Colonial Policy

a. Overall policy not coherent or efficient.

b. Efforts to control colonial trade during Protectorate:

c. Colonial consolidation by Restoration Government.

i. Theory of mercantilism

ii. Navigation Acts of the Restoration

iii. Lords of Trade created by Charles II.

iv. Customs collections tightened

v. Creation of Dominion of New England

FROM EMPIRE TO INDEPENDENCE

I. Impact Of British victory in the Great War for Empire

a. Rumblings of American nation

b. Retaliation of British Government for colonial trading with enemy

i. Imperial forces won the war while colonials traded with enemy.

ii. Writs of Assistance used to stop illegal trade.

c. Problems of managing defense in newly captured lands to north and east.

II. Problem of Western Lands acquired in 1763

a. Indian uprisings in Ohio region

b. Proclamation of 1763

i. Kept British settlers out of lands beyond Appalachians.

ii. Quebec created in western area.

c. Treaties with Indians in 11768 gave British entry into Ohio region.

d. Lands speculators sought to enter new lands.

III. Revenues needed to pay for British troops in the West

a. Grenville program

i. Customs agents sent to America.

ii. Naval patrol of coasts.

iii. Vice-Admiralty in Halifax had jurisdiction over colonies.

iv. Sugar Act of 1764 cut molasses taxes in half

v. Currency Act of 1764 – extended prohibition of paper money to all colonies.

vi. Stamp Act – 1765

vii. Quartering Act

b. Colonial Reaction

i. Grenville program appeared to herald tyranny.

ii. "No taxation without representation."

iii. British response of "virtual representation."

IV. Stamp Act Crisis:

a. Impact on most articulate colonists

b. Intimidation of stamp agents to encourage resignations.

c. Adoption of non-importation agreements.

d. Stamp Act Congress – October 1765.

e. Grenville ministry replaced by Rockingham

f. Repeal of tax—passage of Declaratory Act, 1766.

V. Townshend Duties

a. Townshend’s Acts

i. Suspended N.Y. Assembly

ii. Revenue Act

iii. Set up Board of customs Commissioners

iv. Creation of additional vice-admiralty courts.

v. Use made of duties collected.

b. Colonial reaction to Townshend’s Acts:

i. John Dickinson’s opposition to any parliamentary taxation to levy revenue.

ii. Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty

iii. James Otis’s Circular Letter

iv. Customs Racketeering

v. Rise of Lord North in the Parliament.

vi. Boston massacre

vii. Parliament repealed all Townshend duties except tax on tea, April 1770.

viii. Two years of relative peace.

VI. Colonial Dissent

a. Gasped (Patrol boat) burned, 1772

b. Committees of correspondence formed.

c. Lord North’s Tea Act of 1773

i. Terms of the act

ii. Colonials refusal to accept the tea

iii. Boston Tea Party.

VII. British Response – Coercive Acts

a. Closed port of Boston.

b. Allowed trials of government officials to be transferred to England.

c. New quartering act for soldiers.

d. Massachusetts Council and law-enforcement offers made appointive.

e. No town meetings

f. Quebec Act also fueled movement for colonial unity.

VIII. Colonial Response

a. Support for Boston

b. First Continental Congress; September, 1774

i. All colonies present except Georgia

ii. Rejected plan for union

iii. Endorsed Suffolk Resolves

iv. Adopted Declaration of American Rights

v. Adopted Continental Association

vi. Called another congress for May 1775.

IX. British Response

a. Declared Massachusetts in rebellion.

b. Loyal authorities losing control.

c. Gage moved to confiscate supplies in Concord.

d. Battle of Lexington

X. Other acts of protest

a. Second Continental Congress

b. Seizures in New York.

c. Congress adopted Continental Army

d. Battle of Bunker Hill

e. Olive Branch Petition and Declaration for Taking Up Arms

f. Congress gradually assumed functions of general government.

g. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense January, 1776

h. Declaration of Independence – July 1776

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

I. American society at War

a. Division of support in colonies

i. Three groups – patriots, Tories, and indifferent middle group.

ii. Tories’ cause hurt by licentiousness of British troops.

iii. Patriot groups materialized when troops were needed then vanished.

b. Analysis of the Colonial war effort;

i. The militia

ii. The Continental Army

iii. Supplies obtained directly from farmers.

iv. Financing of the war

1. Heavy reliance on worthless paper money.

2. Farmers preferred to sell goods for British gold and silver.

II. Setbacks for the British

a. Problems of British war effort.

b. Three-pronged attack in New York led to turning point of the war.

i. Howe took Philadelphia

ii. Washington retired to Valley Forge for winter.

iii. Burgoyne moved south and west in New York.

iv. Battle of Saratoga

c. Saratoga escalated war to worldwide proportions

i. French entered war to help Americans.

ii. Spain entered as ally of France

iii. Butch brought in by British attack on them.

d. Cornwallis defeated at Yorktown

i. Nature of the Yorktown campaign.

ii. Results and their significance.

III. Treaty of Paris – terms

IV. The Revolution at home

a. Nature of revolutionary concepts developed in America.

i. Nature of republican governmental ideas.

ii. Lack of a feudal tradition

b. Changes in State governments

i. Concept of written constitutions.

ii. Concept of constitutional convention

c. Articles of Confederation

i. Difficulties in obtaining ratification.

ii. Powers of central government under the Articles.

V. Impact of Revolution on equality in the colonies.

a. Impact of independence on lower socio-economic groups.

b. Impact of revolution on slavery.

c. Impact of revolution on women.

d. Impact of revolution on religion.

VI. Sense of nationalism inspired by Revolution.

a. Variety of heroes and legends from the war.

b. First generation of American artists.

c. Impact of nationalism on education.

i. Development of state universities.

ii. Development of general system of education.

iii. Work of Noah Webster.

TOWARD A MORE PERFECT UNION

I. Government of the Confederation Period.

a. Called the "critical period."

b. Nature of congressional administration during the war.

c. Financial problems of the government.

i. Use of public debt to secure support for nation.

ii. Scheme for national bank failed –did not receive unanimous approval.

iii. Newburgh Conspiracy

iv. Growth of domestic debt from $11 million to $28 million.

d. Development of a land policy.

i. Direct congressional authority prevailed.

ii. Geographic areas covered by policy

iii. Early land ordinances set precedents for future treatment of territories.

iv. The Northwest Ordinance

v. Indian Treaties made to gain claim to western lands.

e. Effects of the war on the economy

i. Fighting seldom-affected farming except to bring price increases.

ii. Merchants suffered more.

iii. Trade treaties opened new markets.

f. Diplomatic Problems

i. With Great Britain

1. British retained forts in North.

2. Americans refused to pay prewar debts to British.

3. Treatment of Loyalists.

ii. Problems with Spain

1. Southern boundary

2. Right of U.S. to navigate to mouth of Mississippi River.

g. Efforts of states to exclude imperial trade.

h. Effects of shortage of cash.

i. Demands for legal paper currency.

ii. Depreciation of paper currency varied.

iii. Rhode Island legal tender paper money declared unconstitutional.

i. Shay’s Rebellion

i. Farmer’s demanded paper money to pay off taxes.

ii. Militia scattered "Shay’s Army."

iii. Legislature lowered taxes next year.

j. Demand grows for stronger government.

II. Adopting the Constitution

a. Preliminary Steps to the Convention

i. Mount Vernon Conference – 1785.

ii. Annapolis Meeting – 1786.

iii. Call for constitutional convention.

b. Nature of the Convention

i. Nature of the delegates

ii. James Madison

iii. Political philosophy represented at Convention.

iv. Secrecy of proceedings.

c. Major issues in drafting Constitution

i. Basis for representation of states

1. Virginia Plan

2. New Jersey Plan

3. Great Compromise

ii. Disputes between North and South over counting of slaves.

1. Three-fifths compromise

2. Slave trade could not be prohibited for twenty years.

iii. Principles incorporated into the constitution.

1. Separation of Powers.

2. Nature of office of president.

3. Nature of the Judicial Branch.

4. Examples of countervailing forces in the Government.

5. Ratification provisions.

III. The Fight for Ratification:

a. Federalists (nationalists) vs. Antifederalists

b. Charles Beard’s argument for economic motivation of the delegates

i. Founding Fathers economic interests.

ii. Arguments against Beard’s thesis.

c. Arguments of The Federalist for ratification.

d. Views of Federalists and Antifederalists.

i. The pattern of ratification.

ii. Smaller states acted first.

iii. New Hampshire was ninth state.

iv. Efforts to convince Virginia and New York.

v. North Carolina joined in 1789; Rhode Island held out until 1790.

I. Jefferson as President

a. "Revolution of 1800" – Orderly transfer of power

b. Jefferson and the Judiciary

i. Repeal of Judiciary Act of 1801

ii. Importance of Marbury vs. Madison

c. Conflicts with Federalist Policies

i. Acceptance of National Bank

ii. Slave trade outlawed – 1808

d. Louisiana Purchase

i. Interest in territory – desire to purchase New Orleans

ii. Republican reaction to Constitutional Issues – Jefferson justified under treaty making power.

e. Exploring the Continent

i. Lewis and Clark

ii. Zebulon Pike

f. Political Schemes of the Federalist Camp

i. Thomas Pickering and the Essex Junto – considered secession.

ii. Burr’s duel with Hamilton – ends Burr’s political career

II. Divisions within the Republican Party

a. Election of Jefferson and Clinton – 1804

b. Emergence of John Randolph and the Tertium Quid

i. Randolph’s break with Jefferson

c. The Burr Conspiracy

i. Excursion into the West

ii. Disposition of charge of treason

1. Jefferson’s use of "executive privilege

2. Rigid definition of treason adopted

III. War in Europe

a. Napoleon (France) vs. England: Battle of Elephant and Whale

b. Harassment of shipping by Britain and France

i. Impressment of Sailors

ii. Mutual blockades

c. The Jefferson Embargo

i. Nature of Embargo Act

ii. Impact of the Embargo

d. Madison and Clinton elected – 1808

e. The drift toward war

i. Non-Intercourse Act

ii. Intrigues with Britain and France over trade restrictions

f. Madison’s War Message

IV. The War of 1812

a. Causes of the War

i. Demand for neutral rights

ii. Geographical distribution of war sentiment

1. Farming regions and shippers

iii. Indian concerns

iv. War Hawks – desire to annex Florida and Canada

v. National Honor

b. Progress of the War

i. North

1. Niagara contingent refused to fight in Canada

2. Perry’s exploits on Lake Erie

3. Harrison defeats Tecumseh at Battle of the Thames

ii. South

1. Creek aggression

2. Jackson’s raid on Creeks

c. Invasion of Washington and Baltimore – Madison forced to flee

d. Battle of New Orleans – Jackson defeats Packingham.

e. Treaty of Ghent

i. Return to status quo ante bellum

ii. Impressment not mentioned

f. The Hartford Convention

i. Composition and actions taken

ii. Consequences of the gathering

g. Aftermath of the War

i. Inspired patriotism and nationalism

ii. Reversal of roles by Federalists and Republicans

I. Economic Nationalism

a. National bank

i. Effects of expiration of national bank in 1811

ii. Proposal for new national bank

iii. Bank’s supporters and opponents

b. Protective Tariff

i. Proposal for Tariff of 1816.

c. Internal Improvements

i. Call for Constitutional Amendment

ii. State actions for internal improvements

iii. Calhoun’s bill and its fate

II. Era of Good Feelings

a. Election of 1816 – James Monroe

b. Party system vanishes by election of 1820 – Monroe virtually unopposed for re-election.

III. Diplomatic Developments

a. Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) – limits naval forces on the Great Lakes

b. Convention of 1819

i. Northern boundary of Louisiana Purchase

ii. Joint Occupation of Oregon

iii. Fishing rights off Newfoundland

c. Acquisition of Florida

i. Spain powerless in Florida

ii. Jackson sent on campaign against Seminoles

iii. Reactions to Jackson’s Campaign

iv. Adams made Transcontinental treaty with Spain to acquire Florida

IV. Diminishing Political Harmony

a. Panic of 1819 – Era of Good Feelings Ends

i. Speculative Binge

ii. Easy Credit

iii. Bank of the United States added to speculative mania

iv. Wildcat Banks forced to maintain specie reserves.

b. Missouri Compromise

i. Balance of slave and free states

ii. Tallmadge resolution relating to Missouri slavery

iii. Arguments for and against slavery

iv. Compromise to admit Missouri

1. Maine and Missouri balanced each other.

2. Slavery excluded in northern Louisiana Purchase

V. Judicial Nationalism

a. Influence of John Marshall

b. Cases asserting Judicial Review

i. Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

ii. Fletcher vs. Peck (1810)

iii. Martin vs. Hunter’s Lessee (1816) and Cohens vs. Virginia (1821)

c. Protection of Contract rights in Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)

d. Curbing state powers in McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

i. "The power to tax is the power to destroy."

e. National Supremacy of Commerce in Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

VI. Nationalist Diplomacy

a. Negotiating Russia out of Oregon

b. Monroe Doctrine

i. Impact of Napoleonic Wars on Latin America

ii. British efforts to protect Latin America

iii. Monroe Doctrine asserted

iv. Reactions to Doctrine.

VII. One-party Politics

a. 1824 Election: Clay, Jackson, Quincy Adams

b. Race thrown into House of Representatives

i. Clay withdraws in favor of Adams; appointed Secretary of State

ii. Jackson claims "corrupt bargain."

VIII. President John Quincy Adams

a. Mistakes in Office

i. Demeaned voters

ii. Notions of royalty

iii. Tariff of 1828

1. Calhoun’s proposal to defeat tariff increase

2. Calhoun’s protest

IX. Election of 1828

a. Appeal of Jackson to different groups

b. Extension of suffrage in states.

c. Jackson won, unseated Quincy Adams

I. Jackson as President

a. Inauguration

b. Nature of appointments – spoils system

c. Jackson’s democratic concept of rotation in office.

d. The Peggy Eaton Affair

II. Conflict with Calhoun

a. Internal Improvements

i. Veto of Maysville Road Bill, 1830

b. The nullification issue

i. South Carolina concern about Tariff of 1828 ("Tariff of Abominations")

ii. Calhoun’s Theory of Nullification

iii. The Webster-Hayne Debate

1. Original issue of the debate

2. Views of Hayne and Webster

iv. Jackson’s toast at the Jefferson Day Dinner

c. Final break with Calhoun

i. Crawford’s letter relating Calhoun’s plan to discipline Jackson for invasion of Florida

ii. Cabinet shake-up

iii. Van Buren’s appointment to England killed by Calhoun’s tie-breaking vote.

iv. Calhoun takes lead of nullificationists

III. The Nullification Crisis

a. The tariff problem

b. South Carolina’s actions of nullification

c. Jackson’s firm response

i. Nullification proclamation

ii. Troop reinforcements

iii. Force Bill

iv. Lowered tariff

IV. Jackson’s Indian Policy

a. Jackson’s attitude toward Indians

b. Indian Removal act and treaties

c. Black Hawk War

d. Seminole War

e. Cherokee’s Trail of Tears

i. Georgia’s legal actions against Indians

ii. Supreme Court ruling: Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia

iii. Jackson’s reaction: "Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it."

iv. Cherokee removal

V. The Bank Controversy

a. Bank’s opponents

b. Jackson’s views

c. Nicholas Biddle’s attempts to recharter the Bank

d. Jackson’s grounds for veto of Bank recharter

e. Election of 1832

i. Policy/practices of Anti-Masonic party

ii. National Conventions of National Republicans and Democrats

iii. Jackson re-elected

f. Jackson’s removal of federal deposits from Bank of U.S.

i. Basis of actions

ii. Deposited in "pet" banks

iii. Changes in treasury

g. Economic reaction to removal

i. Contraction of credit in Biddle’s bank

ii. Speculative binge

iii. Increase in land sales

iv. State indebtedness

h. Bursting the bubble

i. Distribution Act

ii. Specie Circular

iii. Banks collapse

i. Political Impact – "King Andrew the First"

VI. Van Buren and the New Party System

a. Emergence of the Whigs

i. Whig philosophy

ii. Whig Coalitions

iii. Van Buren wins election

VII. Van Buren’s Administration

a. Panic of 1837

b. Proposal for Independent Treasury

VIII. Election of 1840

a. Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison

i. Harrison launches "Log Cabin campaign."

ii. Harrison defeats Van Buren

I. Agriculture

a. Importance of Cotton to economy

i. Invention of Cotton Gin – revolutionary impact

1. Impact on slavery

2. Encouragement of westward migration

3. Cotton became important export

b. The Westward Movement

i. Changes in Land Laws

1. Land law of 1820

2. Preemption Acto of 1830

3. Graduation Act of 1854

c. Development of Improved Iron Plow – John Deere

d. Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper

II. Improvements in Transportation

a. Opening new roads

i. Turnpikes

ii. National Road

b. River Transportation

i. Steamboats

ii. Flatboats

iii. Growth of Canals

c. Development of railroads

i. Early railroads

ii. Water travel compared to rail

d. Ocean Transport – Clipper Ships

e. Financing Internal Improvements

i. Turnpikes funded by private investment

ii. States sponsor canals

iii. Railroads first came from private investment

iv. Federal railroad assistance

III. Industrialization

a. The Growth of Industry

i. Britain’s lead in industrial production

b. Advances in technology

i. Emphasis on practical application of science in the United States

c. Emergence of the Factory System

i. Samuel Lowell and Lowell system

1. Use of young women

2. Family system

IV. Urbanization

a. Economic functions of cities

b. Leading cities of antebellum system

V. Immigration

a. Continuing need for labor

b. Characteristics of ethnic groups

i. Irish

1. Irish immigrant life

2. Led to growth of Catholic Church

ii. Germans

iii. British

iv. Scandinavians

v. Chinese

c. Nativist reaction to immigrants

i. Reasons for opposition

1. Order of the Star Spangled Banner ("Know-Nothing" Party)

VI. Jacksonian Inequality

a. Unequal distribution of wealth

b. Increasing social rigidity in age of common man

VII. Urban Culture

a. Recreation

b. Performing Arts

i. Theater

ii. Minstrel Shows

1. Uniquely American

2. Thomas Rice and "Jump Jim Crow"

3. Christy Minstrels

4. Stephen Collins Foster

I. Impact of Enlightenment on Nineteenth-Century America

a. Development of Deism

i. Roots in rationalism and Calvinism

ii. Nature of Deism

b. Emergence of Unitarianism

i. William Ellery Channing

ii. Nature and beliefs

c. Emergence of Universalism

II. The Second Great Awakening

a. Origins

b. Frontier phase of revivalism

i. Camp meetings

ii. Impact of Methodists and Baptists

iii. Spread of revivals to the frontier

c. Revivals in New York State – "Burned Over District"

i. Charles Grandison Finney

ii. Oberlin College

d. New Religious Groups

i. Rise of Mormon Church

1. Joseph Smith, Jr.

2. Persecution of Mormons

3. Move to Utah

e. The revival movement and democracy

III. Romanticism in America

a. Transcendentalism

i. Ralph Waldo Emerson

ii. Henry David Thoreau

IV. Flowering of American Literature

a. Nathaniel Hawthorne

b. Emily Dickinson

c. Washington Irving

d. James Fenimore Cooper

e. Edgar Allen Poe

f. William Gilmore Sims

g. Herman Melville

h. Walt Whitman

V. Education

a. Demand for public schools

b. Horace Mann – first Superintendent of Education in Massachusetts

c. Education for Women

VI. Movements for Reform

a. Temperance

i. Heavy consumption of alcohol in U.S.

ii. American Temperance Union

b. Prison reform

i. Growth of public institutions to treat social ills.

ii. Prevention and rehabilitation vs. punishment for crime

iii. Elimination of prison for debtors.

c. Reform in Treatment of Insane

i. Dorothea Dix

d. Women’s Rights

i. Catherine Beecher and the "cult of domesticity."

ii. Seneca Falls Conference (1848)

iii. Women in education and other professions

e. Utopian Communities

i. Shaker communities

ii. Oneida community

iii. Brook Farm

I. The Tyler Years

a. Harrison’s brief term – Tyler succeeds.

b. Tyler opposed Whig programs – left without a party.

c. Foreign Affairs – Problems with Great Britain

i. The Caroline Incident

ii. Suppression of African slave trade

iii. Comprises of Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1. Canada-U.S. borders settled

2. Joint patrols of African coast

II. Westward Expansion

a. Idea of "manifest destiny."

b. Western Indians

c. Spanish West

d. Mexican Revolution

i. Opened area for American expansion

ii. Mexico encouraged American settlement in Texas

1. No Slavery, pay Mexican taxes, become Catholic

2. Texans did none of three

e. Fur trappers, Mountain Men in Rockies

f. Move to Oregon Territory

i. Joint occupation with Great Britain

g. California

i. Sutter’s colony

h. Life on Overland Trail (Oregon Trail)

i. Indians rarely attacked

ii. Difficulties

iii. Donner party

i. Fremont’s mapping activities

III. Annexing Texas

a. American settlements

i. Stephen F. Austin

b. Texas Independence

i. Battle of the Alamo

c. Republic of Texas

i. President Sam Houston

ii. Efforts for annexation

1. Jackson delayed recognition

IV. Election of 1844.

a. Democrats nominate dark horse – James K. Polk

b. Whigs refuse to refer to Texas question

c. Clay hedges, gives votes to Liberty party – Polk wins

V. Polk’s Presidency

a. Tyler annexes Texas after election

b. Oregon

i. Polk’s interpretation of Monroe Doctrine

ii. "Fifty-four forty or fight"

iii. Compromise Treaty

VI. Mexican War

a. Provocation of Attack: "American Blood shed on American Soil."

b. Abraham Lincoln offered "spot resolutions" in Congress

c. Opposition to the War

i. New England

d. Progress of War

i. Taylor’s victory at Monterrey

ii. Scott captures Mexico City

c. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

i. U.S. receives Texas, California

ii. U.S. pays Mexico $15 million

I. Myth and Reality in the Old South

a. Sense of sectional distinction

i. Weather

ii. Biracial population

iii. Highly native population – immigration minimal or nonexistent

iv. Preponderance of agriculture

b. Myth of Cotton Kingdom

i. Actual variety of staple crops

1. Cotton, also Tobacco in upper South, Indigo in colonial era; Rice in tidewater area; Sugar along Mississippi River; Hemp and Flax.

ii. Voracious demand for cotton

iii. High proportion of other agricultural products

1. Grain, potatoes, livestock

iv. Exhaustion of Soil

c. Causes for Southern lag in economic development

i. Claims that blacks were unsuited for factory work

ii. Contention that aristocratic privilege exclusively for agriculture

d. Profitability of slaves

II. White Society in the South

a. Planter

i. Largest ownership of slaves

ii. Working lifestyle

iii. Plantation mistress responsible for household

b. Middle Class

i. Largest group – little or no slave ownership

ii. Small farms

c. Poor Whites

i. No slaves

ii. Subject to dietary deficiencies, infection

d. Honor and violence in Old South

III. Black Society in South

a. Free Blacks – often encouraged to leave area

b. Slaves

i. Domestic slave trade replaced foreign slave trade

ii. Plantation slave life

c. Nature of slavery as an institution

i. Religion and folklore

ii. Religion instrument of white control and black refuge.

iii. Importance of nuclear family to slaves

iv. Sexual exploitation of slaves

IV. Antislavery Movements

a. Establishment of American Colonization Society

i. Acquisition of and settlement in Liberia

b. Movement toward Abolition

i. William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator: "I shall be harsh as justice and as uncompromising as truth."

1. Called for immediate uncompensated emancipation.

c. American Anti-Slavery Society

d. Split in Anti-slavery movement

i. Garrison and radical wing refused compromise

ii. Others only want to purge society of slavery

iii. Showdown over women’s rights in 1840.

iv. Garrison win’s right for women to participate; New Yorkers break away.

e. Black antislavery advocates

i. Conflicts over right of blacks to participate

ii. Former slaves as public speakers

1. Sojourner Truth

2. Frederick Douglass

f. Discrimination against blacks in North

V. Reactions to Anti-Slavery agitation

a. Suppression of abolitionist efforts in South

b. "Gag rule" in Congress

c. Development of Liberty Party (1840)

d. Defenses of slavery

i. Biblical arguments

ii. Inferiority of blacks

iii. Practical considerations

iv. George Fitzhugh’s comparison to northern wage slavery.

I. Quarrels arising over property acquired during Mexican War

a. Wilmot Proviso

b. Calhoun resolutions in reaction to proviso

c. Other proposals to deal with slavery in territories

i. Extension of Missouri Compromise line

ii. Popular, or Squatter sovereignty

d. Controversy over admission of Oregon as free state.

II. Election of 1848

a. Democrats: Lewis Cass – deny power of Congress to interfere with Slavery

b. Whigs: Zachary Taylor – adopt no platform at all

c. Free Soil Party: Van Buren – oppose extension of slavery into territories. Primarily opposed to blacks more than slavery

d. Taylor wins

e. California admitted as free state

III. Compromise of 1850

a. Clay’s compromise package of eight resolutions

b. Calhoun’s response

c. Webster’s plea for Union

d. Taylor’s death

e. Fillmore succeeds Taylor – supports Clay Compromies

f. Terms of Compromise

i. Fugitive Slave Law

ii. Slave Trade forbidden in D.C.

iii. Uncle Tom’s Cabin written in response to Fugitive Slave Law

IV. Election of 1852

a. Democrats: Franklin Pearce

b. Free Soilers: John P. Hale

c. Whigs: Winfield Scott – war hero

d. Pearce wins

V. Manifest Destiny and the World Scene

a. Efforts to expand Southward

b. Ostend Manifesto

c. Achievements of American diplomacy in the Pacific

i. Opening of China to Americans

ii. Perry’s expedition to Japan

iii. Gadsden Purchase, 1853. Manifest Destiny complete.

VI. The Kansas-Nebraska Crisis

i. Idea for transcontinental railroad – to pass through Illinois, Douglas’ state.

ii. Douglas’ Nebraska Bill leads to repeal of Missouri Compromise

b. Northern Reaction to extension of slavery into West

i. Strains on Political parties

1. Creation of Republican Party

2. Whigs, Democrats split

c. The "battle" for Kansas

i. Free Soilers and pro-slavery forces attempt to promote settlement

ii. Violence in Lawrence and Pottawatomie

1. Bleeding Kansas

2. "Beecher’s Bibles"

3. Activity of John Brown in Kansas

iii. Brooks-Sumner affair in Congress. Brooks attacks Sumner with cane.

VII. The Election of 1856

a. American and Whig Parties: Fillmore

b. Republicans: John Fremont

c. Democrats: James Buchanan.

d. Buchanan elected

VIII. The Dred Scott Decision

a. Roger Taney decision: slaves not citizens; have no right to sue.

b. Constitution protects property

c. Effect: Made Missouri Compromise unconstitutional (previously repealed).

d. South demanded Federal slave code

IX. Movements for Kansas Statehood

a. Lecompton Constitution

b. Postponement of statehood

X. Lincoln-Douglas Senatorial Campaign in Illinois

a. Freeport Doctrine

b. Douglas attempts to bait Lincoln

XI. Further problems:

a. John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry

b. Brown hanged – becomes martyr for anti-slavery movement

XII. Election of 1860

a. Northern Democrats nominate Douglas

b. Southern ("Rump") Democrats nominate John Breckinridge

c. Republicans nominate Lincoln

d. Constitutional Union Party supports John Bell and "preservation of union."

e. Split in Democrats gave election to Lincoln – minority President

XIII. Secession Begins

a. South Carolina, other Deep South states secede.

b. Buchanan’s reaction to secession.

c. Problems of federal property in seceded states.

d. Last attempt at compromise.

I. End of the Interim Period

a. Lincoln inauguration

b. The Conflict begins

i. Resupply of Fort Sumter

ii. Opening guns of war – Anderson’s surrender

c. Lincoln’s initial steps of war

i. Call for 75,000 militiamen

ii. Blockade of Southern ports

d. Secession of upper South

i. Departure of Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina

ii. Creation of West Virginia

e. Other slave states remain in Union

i. Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware

II. Balance Sheet of War

a. North’s Advantages

i. Population

ii. Industry

iii. Farm production

iv. Transportation – railroads

b. South’s Advantage

i. Fighting on own turf

ii. Strong military leadership

iii. Southern soldiers better marksmen

c. Sea power, important advantage for North

III. The First Battle

a. Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan

b. Battle of Bull Run

c. Civil War as first Modern War

IV. Effort to Build Armies

a. Lincoln’s early calls for volunteers

b. Confederate Army recruitment

i. Adoption of Conscription

ii. Loopholes in Confederate Conscription

c. Union conscription

i. Bounties offered

ii. Conscription and exemptions

d. Impact of conscription

i. A spur to volunteers

ii. Exercise of central power in South

iii. Draft riots in New York

V. The War in 1862

a. Northern and Southern Strategies

b. Naval Actions

i. Ironclad ships

ii. Union seizures along Southern coasts.

c. Actions in the West

i. Grant’s move against Forts Donelson and Henry

ii. Battle of Shiloh

d. McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign

i. McClellan too cautious

ii. Advance on Richmond

iii. Lee’s attack on McClellan

iv. McClellan replaced with Gen. Halleck

e. Second Battle of Bull Run

f. Lee’s Invasion of Antietam

i. McClellan’s mistakes

ii. Lincoln’s appointment of Ambrose Burnside

g. Battle of Fredericksburg

VI. Emancipation

a. Lincoln’s considerations

b. Blacks in the Military

i. Massachusetts’ 54^th Regiment

c. Abolition of Slavery

VII. Women and the war

a. Traditional restraints on women loosened.

i. Nurses

ii. Thrust into public roles

VIII. Revolutionary Impact of War

a. Power shift to the North

b. Measures passed by the North

IX. Financing the War

a. North

i. Increased tariff and excise taxes

ii. Income tax

iii. Issuance of greenbacks

iv. Bonds

b. South

i. Import and export duties

ii. Direct tax on property

iii. Bond issues

iv. Paper money

X. Confederate Diplomacy

a. Importance of diplomacy to the Confederacy – "cotton diplomacy"

b. Impact of the embargo

c. Early hopes of recognition by Britain

d. Mason and Slidell Episode

e. Confederate Raiding ships

XI. Union Politics

a. Pressure of Radicals

b. Actions of Democrats

i. Copperheads

c. Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus

i. Constitutional issues

ii. Vallandigham case

d. Campaign of 1864 – Lincoln vs. McClellan

i. Lincoln re-elected

XII. Wearing down the Confederacy

a. Appointment of Joseph E. Hooker to lead Northern army

b. Battle of Chancellorsville (Confederate victory)

c. Grant’s assault on Vicksburg

d. Lee’s invasion of North

i. Gettysburg

e. Union victory at Chattanooga

XIII. Defeat of the Confederacy

a. Grant and Sherman pursue the War

b. Wilderness campaign

i. Grant’s strategy

ii. Siege of Petersburg

c. Sherman’s March through the South

i. Destruction of Georgia

ii. Move into South Carolina

d. Surrender at Appomattox ( 9 April 1865, Palm Sunday)

e. Lincoln Assassinated at Ford’s Theatre (14 April, 1865 (Good Friday)

I. America after the Civil War

a. Legislation to benefit northeastern businessmen and western farmers

i. Morrill Tariff

ii. National Banking Act

iii. Subsidies for north-central transcontinental railroad

iv. Homestead Act of 1862

v. Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862

b. Devastation of the South during the War hampered later growth

i. Much private and public property destroyed

ii. Confederate currency and bonds worthless

iii. $4 billion invested in labor – the slaves—wiped out.

iv. Problems of postwar agriculture

c. "Forced domesticity" of southern whites

d. Special problems of the freedmen

i. Though free, the former slaves had little with which to make a living

ii. The Freedmen’s Bureau

II. Lincoln and Reconstruction

a. Lincoln’s lenient 10 per cent plan

b. Loyal governments appeared in Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana, but were not recognized by Congress

c. Arguments by Lincoln and Congress for authority over Reconstruction

d. The stricter Wade-Davis Bill

i. Pocket vetoed by Lincoln

e. Lincoln’s philosophy of Reconstruction

f. Lincoln’s assassination

III. Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction

a. Exclusion from pardon of those owning property worth over $20,000.

b. States must invalidate secession ordinance, abolish slavery, and repudiate Confederate debt

c. Most southern states met all of Johnson’s requirements

IV. Congress refused to seat senators and congressmen from Southern states.

a. Southern states had elected many ex Confederate leaders to Congress.

b. Southern states had passed repressive black codes.

V. 1866: A Critical year: Radical Republicans gain power

a. Faced with southern intransigence, moderate Republicans drifted toward Radicals.

b. Radicals: How they planned to reconstruct South

i. Conquered provinces

ii. State suicide

iii. Forfeited rights

c. Johnson began to lose battle with Congress

i. Veto of bill to extend life of Freedman’s Bureau upheld by Senate

ii. Veto of Civil Rights Act of 1866 overridden

iii. Veto of revised Freedman’s Bureau Bill overridden

iv. Congress passed Fourteenth Amendment

1. Supported Civil rights Act of 1866

2. Affirmed citizenship of former slaves

3. Privileges and Immunities clause

4. Due process of law

5. "Equal protection of the law"

d. Johnson lost support of American Public

i. Election of 1866, Republicans won 2/3 majority in each house – veto proof majority

VI. Congressional Reconstruction

a. Congress moved to protect its program from President Johnson

i. Command of the Army Act

ii. Tenure of Office Act

b. Military Construction Act

i. Former Confederate States (except Tennessee) placed in five military districts

ii. To be readmitted, states must frame new Constitutions, grant universal male suffrage, and ratify Fourteenth Amendment

c. Second and Third Reconstruction Acts

d. New governments established in Southern states

VII. Impeachment and Trial of Johnson

a. Johnson removed Secretary of War Stanton in violation of Tenure of Office Act

b. House of Representatives passed eleven Articles of Impeachment

c. Senate trial, conviction failed by one vote.

VIII. Republican Rule in the South

a. New governments established in Southern states

b. Blacks in the Reconstructed South

i. Separate churches

ii. Black families; black schools.

c. White Republicans in the South

i. Carpetbaggers – northern Republicans who allegedly came south for political and economic gain.

ii. Scalawags – southern white Republicans

IX. White Southerners reacted to Republican regimes by forming Terrorist groups

a. Ku Klux Klan

b. Prosecution under new federal laws ended most activities.

X. Southern Conservatives regained Power

a. Klan weakened Negro and Republican morale

b. North also concerned with Westward expansion, Indian wars, etc.

c. Republican control of southern states began to collapse in 1869.

d. By 1876, Radical republican regimes survived only in Louisiana, Florida, and South Carolina

XI. The Grant Administration

a. Grant an inept political leader, made many unwise appointments.

b. Problem of government debt

i. Support for monetary expansion

ii. Support for monetary restriction

iii. Treasury began withdrawing greenbacks from circulation

c. Scandals in Grant Administration

i. Jay Gould and Jim Fisk tried to corner gold market

ii. Crédit Mobilier Scandal

iii. Whiskey Ring, other scandals disclosed

d. Economic Distress and Panic of 1873.

XII. Election of 18767

a. Few real issues in campaign; much mudslinging

b. Disputed vote count in three Southern states

c. Special Electoral Commission formed to resolve problem

d. Compromise of 1877

i. Rutherford B. Hayes elected President

ii. Federal Troops withdrawn from South – reconstruction over.

I. Economic growth in the New South

a. Textile Mills

b. Tobacco

i. Bull Durham

ii. Dukes and American Tobacco Company

II. Agriculture in the New South

a. Problems in Southern Agriculture

i. Sharecropping

ii. Tenant farming

b. Credit – the crop-lien system

III. Political leaders of the New South

a. "Bourbons," often called Redeemers

i. Allied politically with eastern conservatives

b. Effects of Bourbon control

i. Greatly reduced spending on education

ii. Convict leasing

iii. Repudiation of state debts

IV. Blacks and the New South

a. Black Disenfranchisement

i. Residency requirement

ii. Disqualification for conviction of certain crimes

iii. Poll tax and other taxes must be paid

iv. Literacy test (understand portion of state constitution)

v. "Grandfather clause"

b. Segregation in the South

i. Supreme Court

1. Plessy vs. Ferguson

iii. Jim Crow legislation

iv. Lynching of Blacks

c. Two black leaders:

i. Booker T. Washington – accommodation

ii. W.E.B. DuBois – protest

V. Settlement of the West

a. Factors increasing settlement

b. Immigrants in the West

c. Exodusters

i. Buffalo Soldiers

VI. The Miner in the West

a. Great gold, silver, and copper strikes

b. Western states admitted to Union

VII. Indians in the West

a. Forced to cede lands to the government – war with United States

i. The Sioux Wars

ii. Chivington’s massacre of 450 Indians

iii. Decision to place Indians on reservations

iv. Agreements at Medicine Creek lodge and Fort Laramie

b. George Armstrong Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn

c. Continued Indian Resistance

i. Chief Joseph

ii. Wounded Knee

iii. Slaughter of the buffalo

d. Reform of Indian Policy

i. Helen Hunt Jackson: A Century of Dishonor

ii. The Dawes Severalty Act

1. Goal and effect

VIII. Cowboys in the West

a. Homestead Act of 1862

b. Western Farms, large and small

IX. End of the Frontier

a. Frontier line no longer existed after 1890

b. Frederick Jackson Turner: "The Significance of the Frontier in American History."

I. Economic effects of the Civil War

a. Per-capita output decreased in 1860’s

II. Railroads

a. Growth of railroads

b. Transcontinental Railroads

i. Federal land grants and subsidies

ii. Pacific Railway Bill (1862) authorized transcontinental line on north-central route.

1. Union Pacific Railroad

2. Central Pacific Railroad

iii. Chinese labor

iv. First railroad completed at Promontory Point, Utah

v. Other transcontinental railroads

c. Financing the Railroads

i. Western Railroad Finances

1. The Crédit Mobilier Company

2. Role of the Federal government

d. Eastern Railroad finances

i. Jay Gould

ii. Cornelius Vanderbilt

III. Manufacturing and Inventions

a. Growth of new industries/transformation of old industries

i. Alexander Graham Bell – telephone

ii. Thomas A. Edison – Electric light

IV. Entrepreneurs (Captains of Industry, or "Robber Barons")

a. John D. Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company

b. Andrew Carnegie – Carnegie Steel

i. "The Gospel of Wealth"

c. J. Pierpont Morgan

i. Investment banking

ii. Railroads

iii. Steel

d. Sears and Roebuck – Mail order catalog business

V. Workers in an Industrialized America

a. Distribution of wealth

i. Continued inequality

ii. Upward social mobility

b. Working conditions

i. Wages earned and hours worked

ii. Poor safety and health conditions in factories

c. Change from personal working conditions to impersonal relationships.

VI. Early worker protest

a. The Molly Macguires.

b. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

i. Reduction of wages was immediate cause.

ii. Strike spread across country. Ultimately failed.

VII. Rise of Unions

a. The National Labor Union

i. Limitations and achievements

VIII. The Knights of Labor

a. Founded by Uriah S. Stephens

b. Saw greatest success under Terrence V. Powderly

i. Successful strikes against Union Pacific and Jay Gould’s railroads

ii. Growth in membership

c. Decline of Knights of Labor

i. Another strike against Jay Gould failed.

ii. The Haymarket Affair

1. Riot in Haymarket square

2. Trial and sentencing of anarchists

IX. The American Federation of Labor

a. Samuel Gompers

i. Concern for concrete economic gains

ii. Interested in protecting skilled workers only; not factory workers.

X. Two Strikes that hurt the Union movement

a. Homestead Steel Strike of 1892

i. Reasons for the strike

ii. Battle between strikers and Pinkerton detectives

iii. Strike failed; union dead at Homestead

b. Pullman Strike of 1894

i. Workers forced to live in town of Pullman

ii. Workers turned to Eugene V. Debs and the American Railway Union

iii. Strikes tied up most Midwestern railroads

iv. Mail cars attached to Pullman cars.

v. Debs jailed; union called off strike

XI. Socialism and the Unions

a. Eugene Debs and the Social Democrat Party

b. Socialist Party of America

i. Debs Presidential Candidate in 1904, 1912.

XII. Industrial Workers of the World

a. Goals

i. Include all workers, skilled and unskilled

ii. Replace the state with one big union

b. Decline of the IWW

i. Disputes within the Group

ii. William D. "Big Bill" Haywood

I. American Cities in the late 19^th Century

i. Transportation and industry as factors of growth

ii. Elevators allowed cities to grow vertically

iii. Streetcars and bridges allowed cities to grow horizontally

b. City Politics

II. Immigration to America

a. Immigrants a major force in growth of cities

i. Numbers of immigrants

ii. Ethnic neighborhoods

iii. Reasons for coming to America.

b. The new Immigration

i. After 1890, most immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.

ii. Differences in culture, language, religion

c. Ellis Island

d. Immigrant life

i. Working conditions

ii. Living conditions

e. The nativist response

i. New immigrants viewed as a threat.

ii. The American Protective Association

iii. Immigration restriction

1. Early laws excluded "undesireables"

2. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

III. Growth of Educational Opportunities

a. Public education

i. Increases in spending for schools.

ii. Secondary schools.

b. Vocational Training

i. Booker T. Washington and Calvin M. Woodward

ii. Vocational training in high schools.

iii. Agricultural and Mechanical colleges.

c. Higher Education

i. Increases in college attendance

ii. Women in higher education

iii. Graduate schools

IV. Popular Culture

a. Wild West Shows

b. Vaudeville

c. Outdoor Recreation

d. Spectator Sports

V. Theories of Social Change

a. Charles Darwin: Origin of Species

b. Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism

i. William Graham Sumner

c. Reform Darwinism

i. Challenge to Social Darwinism

ii. Lester Frank Ward: Dynamic Sociology

VI. Realism in Philosophy

a. William James and Pragmatism

i. Meaning and value of ideas in their practical consequences.

b. John Dewey and "instrumentalism"

i. Ideas as instruments

ii. Progressive education

VII. Realism in Literature

a. Local color

i. Mark Twain

b. Literary realism

i. William Dean Howells

ii. Henry James

c. Literary Naturalism

i. Introduction of scientific determinism into Literature

1. Stephen Crane

2. Jack London

3. Theodore Dreiser

VIII. Social Criticism in the late 19^th Century

a. Henry George: Progress and Poverty

b. Henry Demarest Lloyd: Wealth against Commonwealth

c. Thorstein Veblen: The Theory of the Leisure Class

d. Edward Bellamy: Looking Backward

IX. The Social gospel

a. Community service and care for the unfortunate

b. Religious reformers

i. Social conscience of the middle class.

X. Settlement House Movement

a. Women in the work force

b. Susan B. Anthony

c. Split in the movement

i. National Woman Suffrage Association promoted feminist causes

ii. American Woman Suffrage Association promoted only women’s suffrage

XI. The Supreme Court and laissez-faire

a. Regulation of business by states.

b. "Due Process" clause of Fourteenth Amendment applied to Corporations

i. "Person" read to include corporations

c. "Liberty of Contract" cases

GILDED AGE POLITICS AND THE AGRARIAN REVOLT

I. Gilded Age Politics

a. Mediocre Political leaders

b. Few real differences between political parties

c. Factors shaping Gilded Age Politics

i. Americans remembered Civil War; hesitant to take clear-cut stands.

ii. Parties evenly divided

iii. No "strong" chief executive in Gilded Age.

d. Alliance between politics and business

e. Voter turnout extremely high

II. Administration of Rutherford B. Hayes

a. Civil Service Reform

i. Republican party split between Stalwarts and Half-breeds

ii. Hayes policy toward Civil Service reform

b. Limiting role of government

III. Administration of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur

a. Garfield assassinated.

b. Arthur as President

i. Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883) – required competitive examination for civil service jobs

c. Attempts to lower tariff

IV. The First Administration of Grover Cleveland

a. Election of 1884

1. James G. Blaine and the "Mulligan letters"

2. Rise of the Mugwumps

b. Democrats

i. Grover Cleveland

ii. Scandal over illegitimate child

c. Last minute blunders by Blaine give election to Cleveland

i. Belshazzer’s Feast

d. Cleveland as President

i. Civil Service Reform

1. Promised support of Pendleton Act

2. But removed many Republican officeholders.

ii. The Public Treasury

1. 81 million acres of public land restored to federal government.

2. Opposition to pension raids on treasury.

iii. Railroad regulation

1. Interstate Commerce Commission – required uniform railroad rates.

V. Administration of Benjamin Harrelson

a. Election – Cleveland won popular vote but lost election in electoral college

b. Harrison as President

i. Many federal officeholders removed on partisan grounds

ii. Pensions for Union veterans doubled.

iii. Sherman Anti-Trust Act

iv. Sherman Silver Purchase Act

v. McKinley Tariff of 1890

VI. Problems of Farmers

a. Diversity of farm interests

b. Decline in commodity prices

i. Domestic overproduction

ii. International competition

c. Railroads and middlemen

i. High railroad rates – farmers had little bargaining power.

d. High Tariffs

e. Debt

i. Crop liens and land mortgages

ii. Forced to grow cash crops

f. Inadequate currency

i. Per capita currency in circulation decreased 10 per cent from 1865-1890.

ii. The "Crime of ‘73" – Congress halted coinage of silver

VII. The Grange

a. "Patrons of Husbandry

b. "Grainger Laws"

i. Regulation of Railroad and Warehouse rates

ii. Supreme Court upheld warehouse regulation in Munn vs. Illinois.

VIII. The Farmers’ Alliance

a. Farm Politics

i. The subtreasury plan

ii. In West, third party successes

iii. In South, influenced Democratic party

b. Leaders of Farm movement

i. Mary Elizabeth Lease

ii. "Sockless Jerry" Simpson

iii. Tom Watson

IX. The Populist Party

a. Omaha Platform

i. Finance, transportation, land

b. Election of 1892

i. James B. Weaver, Populist Candidate – received one million popular votes; carried four states.

X. The Depression of 1893

a. Cleveland’s second administration

b. Worker unrest

c. 1894 strike involved 750, 000 workers

d. Coxey’s Army marched on Washington

e. Populists elected thirteen to Congress in midterm elections of 1894.

f. Depression forced attention on currency issue

i. Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

ii. Bonds issued to build gold reserve

iii. American Bimetallic League

XI. Election of 1896

a. Republicans – William McKinley on Gold Standard platform

b. Democrats – pro-silver William Jennings Bryan after "cross of gold" speech.

c. Populists also nominated Bryan rather than split silver vote.

d. Victory for McKinley

i. Bryan carried most of West and South

ii. Bryan unable to attract votes of Midwestern farmers and eastern workers.

XII. The New Era

a. Triumph of metropolitan and industrial America over rural and agrarian America.

b. New gold discoveries ended depression

c. Spanish American War ended controversy over tariffs and currency.

I. Toward New Imperialism

a. Reasons for American expansion

i. Markets

ii. Naval power

1. Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Influence of Sea Power upon History

iii. Racial thought

1. Social Darwinism

2. Josiah Strong: Our Country

b. Seward and the Purchase of Alaska

c. Expansion in the Pacific

i. Samoa – Treaty of 1878

ii. Hawaii

1. Boom in sugar production

2. American influence in economy and government

3. Americans rebel against Queen Liliuokalani; proclaim Republic of Hawaii

d. Diplomatic Incidents, 1880’s and 1890’s

i. Agreements with Canada end pelagic sealing

ii. Venezuelan-British Guiana boundary dispute

1. Cleveland invokes Monroe Doctrine

2. England agreed to arbitration

II. The Spanish-American War

a. Cuban Rebellion

b. Yellow Journalism

c. Pressures for War

i. McKinley elected on platform endorsing Cuban independence

ii. Explosion of Maine

iii. Influence of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

iv. War declared

1. George Dewey – battle of Manila bay

2. Theodore Roosevelt and "rough riders"

d. End of War

i. Spain gave up Cuba

ii. U.S. acquires Puerto Rico and Guam

I. Features of Progressivism

a. Greater democracy

i. Direct primaries

ii. Initiative, Referendum, recall

iii. Popular election of Senators

b. "Gospel of Efficiency"

i. Frederick Taylor and The Principles of Scientific Management

c. Corporate regulation

d. Social Justice

i. Labor laws – Child labor

ii. Prohibition

e. Public service function of government

II. Theodore Roosevelt as Progressive:

a. Trusts

i. Thought effective regulation better than attempts to restore competition

ii. Used Courts to bust trusts

1. Northern Securities Trust dissolved by Supreme Court

b. Anthracite coal strike of 1902

i. Roosevelt threatened to take over mines, forced owners to arbitrate.

c. Antitrust and regulatory legislation of 1903

i. Department of Commerce and Labor created.

ii. Elkins Act made railroad rebates illegal.

III. Roosevelt’s Second Term – elected in 1904

a. Hepburn Act of 1906: Gave Interstate Commerce Commission power to set maximum rates.

b. Movement to regulate food processors and makers of drug and patent medicines.

i. The Jungle

ii. Meat Inspection Act of 1906

iii. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

c. Conservation – withdrew 170 acres of timberlands

d. Election of 1908 – TR handpicked William Howard Taft to succeed.

i. Taft defeated William Jennings Bryan

IV. Taft’s Progressivism

a. Dollar Diplomacy in China and Latin America

b. Wanted lower tariff; but Congress voted higher tariff; Taft backed down, fearing split.

c. TR broke with Taft

i. Taft Administration sued US Steel against TR’s wishes.

ii. Election of 1912, Roosevelt nominated for President by Progressive (Bull moose) Party.

iii. Roosevelt shot; Taft had no chance of re-election. Woodrow Wilson elected.

V. Woodrow Wilson

a. Democrats back in national power

b. Southerners back in national affairs.

VI. Wilson as a Progressive

a. Underwood-Simmons Tariff lowered average duties.

b. Income tax (16^th Amendment) passed to replace lost revenue.

c. Glass-Owen Federal Reserve Act

i. Allowed reserves to be pooled

ii. Made currency and bank credit more elastic

d. Progressivism for Whites only

i. Wilson’s racial attitudes

ii. Spread of Jim Crow in Wilson’s government

e. Resurgence of progressivism

i. Farm reforms (credit and education)

ii. Federal Highways Act (1916) subsidized state highway departments.

iii. Labor reform

1. Adamson Act – eight-hour work day for railroad employees.

f. Progressivism began movement for positive government.

VII. Paradoxes of Progressivism

a. Disenfranchisement of blacks

b. Decisions made by faceless policymakers

c. Decline in voter participaton

I. Wilson’s foreign policy was idealistic – "missionary diplomacy"
Secretary of State: William Jennings Bryan

i. America called to advance democracy and moral progress.

b. Mexico

i. Wilson intervened in government coup led by Gen. Victoriano Huerta

c. Caribbean: American marines put down disorders.

II. Outbreak of War

a. Wilson urged Americans to be neutral

i. Many immigrants supported Central Powers (Germany)

1. German Americans

2. Irish Americans opposed to anything British

b. Old line Americans supported Allies

c. Propaganda used by both sides.

d. German unrestricted submarine warfare

i. Lusitania sunk; America protested with diplomatic notes

ii. Bryan resigned rather than risk war

iii. Arabic pledge (Sussex pledge)

e. Election of 1916

i. Wilson defeated Charles Evans Hughes ("He kept us out of the war.")

f. Last efforts at Peace

i. Germany announces resumption of unrestricted Submarine Warfare

i. Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany

ii. The Zimmerman Telegram

III. America’s Entry into the War

a. Liberty Loan Act helped finance British and French War efforts

b. Selective Service Act

c. U.S. army sent to France under Gen. John J. Pershing

IV. The Home Front during the War

a. Regulation of industry and the economy

i. Lever Food and Fuel Control Act

ii. War industries board

1. directed by Bernard Baruch.

b. New labor force

i. African Americans

1. The "Great Migration"

2. Northern race riots

ii. Women

c. Mobilizing public opinion – Committee on Public Information

d. Civil Liberties

i. Public opinion aroused to promote war; turned to "Americanism" and witch hunting.

ii. Espionage and